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Cvakavé zvuky při chůzi u turovitých (Bovidae)
ŠPINDLEROVÁ, Anežka
Several species of bovids and cervids produce knee-clicking sounds while walking, their origin and purpose remain unknown in detail. My thesis attemps to summarize all sources concerning this topic. In the second part I analyzed knee-clicks in two antelope species in order to compare particular species, sexes and individuals.
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Genetic Diversity of Semi-captive Population of Western Derby Eland (Taurotragus derbianus derbianus) in Senegal and Phylogenetical Relationships between Western Derby Eland (T. d. derbianus) and Eastern Giant Eland (T. d. gigas)
Zemanová, Hana ; Lukešová, Daniela (advisor) ; Jarmila, Jarmila (referee)
Representatives of family Bovidae are subjects of many studies concerning with their phylogeny, phylogeography, time of divergence or genetic diversity. Taxonomy is solved by comparison of morphological characteristics or by genetic approaches, genetic diversity could be solved by pedigree or by genetic analyses too. Tragelaphinae number nine species of two genera, Tragelaphus sp. and Taurotragus sp. The antelopes of the genus Taurotragus (T. derbianus and T. oryx) belong to the largest antelopes of the world. Derby eland (Taurotragus derbianus) has two subspecies, Western Derby eland (T. d. derbianus) and Eastern Giant eland (T. d. gigas), which are distinguished on the basis of morphological characteristics. Western subspecies (T. d. derbianus) is classified as critically endangered. There lives the only population in Niokolo Koba National Park in Senegal, which numbers fewer than 200 individuals. For the conservation, the semi-captive breeding programme has been established in 2000. It was created by six founders (one male and five females), which are presumed to be non-related. The population within this programme had 95 living individuals in 2013, living in seven herds in Bandia and Fathala reserves in Senegal. The population is under breeding management, which efforts to minimize kinship of the individuals. Studbook was established for the Western Derby eland (T. d. derbianus) in 2008 and is published annually. It acts about small population with low number of founders and no gene flow, which is threatened by inbreeding and genetic drift. Genetic diversity of the population was evaluated by means of microsatellite markers and the results were compared with the results of pedigree analysis. Pedigree analysis showed the highest genetic diversity in the generation of founders (FOUNDERS). It decreased in the generation of founders' offspring (OFFSPRING 1; born in season 2007/2008), due to the fact, that the only male took part in the reproduction. And it increased again in the generation of offspring of founders' offspring (OFFSPRING 2; born in the season 2009/2010), because more individuals were included into the reproduction. Fifteen individuals and five polymorphic microsatellite loci (from the total number of 13 tested loci) were chosen for the genetic study. The parameters of genetic diversity (HE and HO, Ar and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and FIS and FST) were evaluated. Not any deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found out. The results of genetic analysis confirmed the highest genetic diversity in the population of founders (Ar = 2.79; HE = 0.664; HO = 0.750; FIS = --0.154). In both generations of offspring values of allelic richness and observed and expected heterozygosity decreased (Ar = 2.15; HO = 0.580; HE = 0.586 in OFFSPRING 1 and Ar = 2.14; HO = 0.370; HE = 0.480 in OFFSPRING 2). Contrary to the results of pedigree analysis, there was not been observed any improvement in OFFSPRING 2. The resultant values of genetic diversity parameters were quite satisfactory, despite of the low number of founders and mating of related individuals.
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Nutrient content in the needles of main woody species in relation to foraging ecology of large herbivores in Europe
Köhlerová, Markéta ; Hejcmanová, Pavla (advisor) ; Holá, Michaela (referee)
The aim of the thesis was to determine the content of principle macroelements and fibre fractions in needles of five woody species (Taxus baccata, Pinus sylvestris, Abies alba, Picea abies, Larix decidua) with regard to the nutrition of wildlife and forage resources. See if differ substantively macro nutrient elements by different ages needles. The individual objectives was to further determine, firstly, if different levels of major and fiber between tree species and secondly if different levels of major and fiber between the years of needles. Annual needles has a higher content of macroelements and lower fiber content than two years. The theoretical part deals with herbivores and their foraging strategy.Five European indigenous coniferous species were chosen: P. sylvestris, P. abies, A. alba, L. decidua and T. baccata. There were selected four locations: towns of Mšeno, Nové Strašecí and Oldřichov v Hájích and Příbram`s territory where the samples of conifers were collected. After drying the samples in the oven there were laboratory tests carried out/conducted, based on which a subsequent statictical evaluation was performed. The actual evaluation was focused on contents of macroelements N, P, K, Ca and Mg. In addition also ratios of the macroelements (N/P, Ca/N and K / (Ca + Mg) were considered. As regards fibre analysis, we focused on content of ADF, NDF and lignin. Results showed that annual needles, compared to biennials, have higher content of macroelements and lower fibre content. The highest values of macroelements and fibre content were found in T. baccata. P. abies and P. sylvestris had similar results.
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Clicking in bovids - basic parameters, origin and function?
ROCHOVÁ, Markéta
Some species of hoofed animals produce clicking sound. This work analysed clicking parameters (dominant frequency, 25% quartile, 50% quartile, 75% quartile) of this species: Kuban Tur (Capra caucasica), Daghestan Tur (Capra cylindricornis) and Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia), which are clicking significantly. Clicks of each individual were recorded using solid state recorder Marantz PMD 620 with microphone. All clicks were analysed using program Avisoft-SAS Lab Pro Software, verze 5.0.01 (2010). Data were analysed using program STATISTICA, version 9 (ANONYMUS 2009). Individuals were compared using one-way ANOVA and discriminant analysis. Species and sexes were compared using discriminant analysis and nested ANOVA. Clicking parameters were correlated with age. A phylogenetic distribution of clicking was determined in Bovidae. Results suggest differences between individuals and species. Differences between sexes wasn't significant. Correlation with age was significant.
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Factors affecting suckling behaviour in Bovids
OLLÉOVÁ, Michaela
This thesis summarizes factors affecting suckling characteristics behaviour in Bovids. I focused on those main suckling characteristics: Suckling frequency, duration of suckling bout,total time spent suckling, suckling attempts, termination and initiation of suckling bouts and incidence of allo-suckling. I discussed those findings in the view of sociobiological theories such as parent-offspring conflict and Trivers-Willard model.
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